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1 The Manchester Guardian
[,mæntʃɪstə'gɑːdjən]"Ма́нчестер га́рдиан" (название газеты "Гардиан" [Guardian] до 1959)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > The Manchester Guardian
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2 The Guardian
['gɑːdjən]"Га́рдиан" (ежедневная газета либерального направления; тир. ок. 430 тыс. экз. Основана в 1821; с 1961 выходит одновременно в Манчестере и Лондоне; см. тж. Manchester Guardian, quality paper)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > The Guardian
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3 Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 15 November 1780 Stonnington Point, Connecticut, USAd. 2 May 1871 Manchester, England[br]American inventor of a popular type of roving frame for cotton manufacture.[br]As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.[br]Bibliography1811, British patent no. 3,498 (carding engines and card clothing machine). 1813, British patent no. 3,743 (spinning long-fibred substances).1825, British patent no. 5,309 (card making machinery).1825, British patent no. 5,217 (roving frame). 1830, British patent no. 5,909 (roving frame).1835, British patent no. 6,863 (roving frame).Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.J.W.Hall, 1932–3, "Joshua Field's diary of a tour in 1821 through the Midlands", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 6.Evan Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning, Vol. II, Manchester (provides an account of Dyer's roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (describes Dyer's links with America).See also: Arnold, AzaRLHBiographical history of technology > Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
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4 die on the vine
не осуществиться; ≈ остаться на бумаге...the Governor's proposal to reduce the State debt was "dying on the vine". (‘Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — Предложение губернатора об уменьшении долга штата не было осуществлено.
The program for rebuilding the city died on the vine. (DAI) — Программа реконструкции города так и осталась на бумаге.
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5 green power
амер."власть зелёных банкнот", власть денег; деньги [по зелёному цвету на обороте долларовых банкнот]‘We give the public what it wants,’ the theatre producers still cry, meaning of course they cater to the side of the public that has the most green power... (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — "Мы даем публике то, что она хочет", - все еще заявляют режиссеры-постановщики, конечно, имея в виду ту часть публики, которая олицетворяет "власть зеленых банкнот"...
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6 in the pipeline
происходящий, имеющий место; в процессе (доставки, производства и т. д.)And I've got one in the pipeline called "ia as a special diphthongal phoneme in Scandinavian languages of an intermediate period". (J. Wain, ‘A Winter in the Hills’, part II) — Я заканчиваю лингвистическую работу, которая называется "ia как особая дифтонгическая фонема в скандинавских языках среднего периода".
But there are plans in the pipeline for converting more forest land to parkland. (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — Разрабатываются планы дальнейшего использования лесных массивов под парки.
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7 on the coat-tails of
1) (smb.) с помощью кого-л. (тж. on smb.'s coat-tails или coattails) [первонач. амер.]Flem Snopes's wife, riding into Jefferson society on Judge Lemuel Stevens's daughter's coat-tail... (W. Faulkner, ‘The Town’, ch. 3) — Жена Флема Сноупса проникла в светское общество при поддержке дочери судьи Лемюэля Стивенса...
She became successful on the coattails of her famous father. (RHD) — Она добилась успеха с помощью своего знаменитого отца.
2) (smth.) вслед за чем-лHis decline in popularity followed on the coattails of the scandal. (RHD) — Его популярность после этого скандала упала.
3) (smb.) амер.; полит. в зависимости от успеха другого кандидата (тж. on smb.'s coat-tails или coattails) (говорится о малоизвестном или непопулярном кандидате, который побеждает на выборах благодаря популярности другого кандидата, проходящего по тому же избирательному списку)Eisenhower Was unable to transfer his strength to those candidates who ran on his coat-tails. (‘Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — Эйзенхауэр не мог поделиться своей популярностью с кандидатами, которые были с ним в одном избирательном списке.
That straight-ticket voting has enabled many a mediocre candidate to ride into office on the coat-tails of an able, popular man at the top. (APT) — Система голосования, при которой используются избирательные бюллетени с именами всех кандидатов партии, дает возможность многим малопопулярным политическим деятелям прийти к власти за счет действительно выдающихся.
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8 red alert
Admissions to London hospitals [due to a flu epidemic] in the week ending at midnight on Monday totalled slightly over 2,000 above the figure for a similar period during the last hospital "red alert" two years ago... (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’, DNE) — Число гриппозных больных в лондонских больницах за прошлую неделю, истекшую в воскресенье в полночь, превысило на 2000 с небольшим число больных за тот же период два года назад, когда лондонские больницы были последний раз в боевой готовности.
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9 the kiss of life
1) "поцелуй жизни", оживление, возвращение к жизни [образовано по контрасту с выражением the kiss of death; см. the kiss of death]The Government's kiss of life for Rolls could be very misleading... (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — Попытка правительства вдохнуть новую жизнь в компанию "Роллс-Ройс" производит весьма странное впечатление...
2) искусственное дыхание "рот в рот"Firemen... tried to revive them... with the kiss of life and oxygen. (Suppl) — Пожарные... пытались оживить задохнувшихся в дыму... делая искусственное дыхание и давая им кислород.
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10 the tip of the iceberg
"верхушка айсберга", небольшая, видимая часть чего-л.; то, что лежит на поверхности...the news article reported only the tip of the iceberg. Hidden is a serious situation for engineers in the United States and Great Britain. (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’, DNE) —...статья носила поверхностный характер и коснулась только самых общих проблем. В ней даже не упоминалось серьезное положение инженерно-технического персонала в США и Великобритании.
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11 vote with one's feet
"проголосовать ногами", выразить своё недовольство уходом, отъездом и т. п...the 40,000 draft dodgers now in Canada have voted in the ultimate way - with their feet. (‘The Manchester Guardian Weekly’) — 40 000 американцев, уклонившихся от призыва и находящихся сейчас в Канаде, "проголосовали ногами" против участия во вьетнамской войне.
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12 die on the vine
нe ocущecтвитьcя, зaчaxнуть; ocтaтьcя нa бумaгeThe Governor's proposal to reduce the State debt was "dying on the vine" (Manchester Guardian Weekly). You have a great plan. Let's keep it alive. Don't let it wither on the vine -
13 in the pipeline
пpoиcxoдящий, имeющий мecтo; в пpoцecce (дocтaвки, пpoизвoдcтвa и т. п.), нa пoдxoдeBut there are plans in the pipeline for converting more forest land to parkland (The Manchester Guardian Weekly). Mr. Bush cancelled a ten day visit to Asia on the grounds that he needed to supervise Congress's anti-recession efforts: that raised hopes that there were such efforts in the pipeline, when there weren't (The Economist) -
14 the kiss of life
1) "пoцeлуй жизни", oживлeниe, вoзвpaщeниe к жизни [oбpaзoвaнo пo кoнтpacту c выpaжeниeм the kiss of death]The Government's kiss of life for Rolls could be very misleading (The Manchester Guardian Weekly)2) иcкуccтвeннoe дыxaниe "poт в poт"They pulled Vjoersterod out and laid him on the bank. 'Artificial respiration,' one said. 'Kiss of life' (D. Francis) -
15 the light at the end of the tunnel
cвeт в кoнцe туннeля; луч нaдeждыThe Secretary of State has repeatedly said that he will not help companies when there is no light at the end of the tunnel (The Manchester Guardian Weekly). My mother has been ill for nearly a year now, but the doctor says he thinks he can see the light at the end of the tunnelConcise English-Russian phrasebook > the light at the end of the tunnel
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16 vote with one's feet
"пpoгoлocoвaть нoгaми", выpaзить cвoё нeдoвoльcтвo уxoдoм, oтъeздoм и т. п.The. draft dodgers now in Canada have voted in the ultimate way with their feet (The Manchester Guardian Weekly). We don't want to repeat what happened at last year's conference, when... many members voted with their feet and the committee had to resign -
17 Sturgeon, William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 22 May 1783 Whittington, Lancashire, Englandd. 4 December 1850 Prestwich, Manchester, England[br]English inventor and lecturer, discoverer of the electromagnet, and inventor of the first electric motor put to practical use.[br]After leaving an apprenticeship as a shoemaker, Sturgeon enlisted in the militia. Self-educated during service as a private in the Royal Artillery, he began to construct scientific apparatus. When he left the army in 1820 Sturgeon became an industrious writer, contributing papers to the Philosophical Magazine. In 1823 he was appointed Lecturer in Natural Science at the East India Company's Military College in Addiscombe. His invention in 1823 of an electromagnet with a horseshoe-shaped, soft iron core provided a much more concentrated magnetic field than previously obtained. An electric motor he designed in 1832 embodied his invention of the first metallic commutator. This was used to rotate a meat-roasting jack. Over an extended period he conducted researches into atmospheric electricity and also introduced the practice of amalgamating zinc in primary cells to prevent local action.Sturgeon became Lecturer at the Adelaide Gallery, London, in 1832, an appointment of short duration, terminating when the gallery closed. In 1836 he established a monthly publication, The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry; and Guardian of Experimental Science, the first journal in England to be devoted to the subject. It was to this journal that James Prescot Joule contributed the results of his own researches in electromagnetism. Due to lack of financial support the publication ceased in 1843 after ten volumes had been issued. At the age of 57 Sturgeon became Superintendent of the Victoria Gallery of Practical Science in Manchester; after this gallery closed, the last five years of his life were spent in considerable poverty.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Arts Silver Medal 1825.Bibliography1836, Annals of Electricity 1:75–8 (describes his motor).All his published papers were collected in Scientific Researches, Experimental and Theoretical in Electricity, Magnetism and Electro-Chemistry, 1850, Bury; 1852, London.Further ReadingJ.P.Joule, 1857, biography, in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society 14, Manchester: 53–8.Biography, 1895, Electrician 35:632–5 (includes a list of Sturgeon's published work). P.Dunsheath, 1957, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber.GW -
18 Paul, Lewis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. April 1759 Brook Green, London, England[br]English inventor of hand carding machines and partner with Wyatt in early spinning machines.[br]Lewis Paul, apparently of French Huguenot extraction, was quite young when his father died. His father was Physician to Lord Shaftsbury, who acted as Lewis Paul's guardian. In 1728 Paul made a runaway match with a widow and apparently came into her property when she died a year later. He must have subsequently remarried. In 1732 he invented a pinking machine for making the edges of shrouds out of which he derived some profit.Why Paul went to Birmingham is unknown, but he helped finance some of Wyatt's earlier inventions. Judging by the later patents taken out by Paul, it is probable that he was the one interested in spinning, turning to Wyatt for help in the construction of his spinning machine because he had no mechanical skills. The two men may have been involved in this as early as 1733, although it is more likely that they began this work in 1735. Wyatt went to London to construct a model and in 1736 helped to apply for a patent, which was granted in 1738 in the name of Paul. The patent shows that Paul and Wyatt had a number of different ways of spinning in mind, but contains no drawings of the machines. In one part there is a description of sets of rollers to draw the cotton out more finely that could have been similar to those later used by Richard Arkwright. However, it would seem that Paul and Wyatt followed the other main method described, which might be called spindle drafting, where the fibres are drawn out between the nip of a pair of rollers and the tip of the spindle; this method is unsatisfactory for continuous spinning and results in an uneven yarn.The spinning venture was supported by Thomas Warren, a well-known Birmingham printer, Edward Cave of Gentleman's Magazine, Dr Robert James of fever-powder celebrity, Mrs Desmoulins, and others. Dr Samuel Johnson also took much interest. In 1741 a mill powered by two asses was equipped at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, with, machinery for spinning cotton being constructed by Wyatt. Licences for using the invention were sold to other people including Edward Cave, who established a mill at Northampton, so the enterprise seemed to have great promise. A spinning machine must be supplied with fibres suitably prepared, so carding machines had to be developed. Work was in hand on one in 1740 and in 1748 Paul took out another patent for two types of carding device, possibly prompted by the patent taken out by Daniel Bourn. Both of Paul's devices were worked by hand and the carded fibres were laid onto a strip of paper. The paper and fibres were then rolled up and placed in the spinning machine. In 1757 John Dyer wrote a poem entitled The Fleece, which describes a circular spinning machine of the type depicted in a patent taken out by Paul in 1758. Drawings in this patent show that this method of spinning was different from Arkwright's. Paul endeavoured to have the machine introduced into the Foundling Hospital, but his death in early 1759 stopped all further development. He was buried at Paddington on 30 April that year.[br]Bibliography1738, British patent no. 562 (spinning machine). 1748, British patent no. 636 (carding machine).1758, British patent no. 724 (circular spinning machine).Further ReadingG.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London, App. This should be read in conjunction with R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester, which shows that the roller drafting system on Paul's later spinning machine worked on the wrong principles.A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and the early mills).E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, but is now out of date).A.Seymour-Jones, 1921, "The invention of roller drawing in cotton spinning", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 1 (a more modern account).RLH -
19 Appeal Cases
сокр. AC юр., брит. "Обжалованные судебные прецеденты"* (серийное издание текстов судебных прецедентов, в котором судебные прецеденты упорядочены по темам и хронологии и каждому судебному прецеденту присвоен номер)See:Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission, Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke, Allen v Gulf Oil Refining, Nairin v University of St Andrews, Manchester Corporation v Farnworth, Liversidge v Anderson, Secretary of State for Defense v Guardian Newspaper Ltd, Ridge v Baldwin, Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners, Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel, Albert v Lavin, Central Control Board v Cannon Brewery Co Ltd, Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate, precedent, common law
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